Hypothetical Libel
A hypothetical blogger, AlkalineBeaker, who runs the site Sarcastic Na2C03, has apparently been hit by the threat of legal action from a seemingly innocuous post regarding a fellow blogger's retraction and apology for his statement.
While there is apparently no libelous material (to me, at least, it seems innocuous enough, nothing beyond the norms of free speech), I do have a suspicion it may have something to do with some of the comments.
From what little I know in this area of law, if the material is found to be libelous, even if its from the comments, he will be liable, if he does not take the necessary steps to remove it as soon as he is alerted to the offending material. Likewise, his service provider (the host of where his blog is sited) will be similarly culpable. This cannot be disclaimed, but it can be excused.
Although the threat of legal action probably stems from a Hypothetical Nation (hereby HN) in which AB and his site is not currently based in, he will still be liable within HN's jurisdiction. Whether HN can actually enforce the threat, is of course another matter altogether.
However, the threat of legal action is simply bully-boy tactics, one often used by big corporations and the likes to intimidate and force people into submission. It is unlikely that a legal action will be commenced, and in the even more unlikely situation that AB actually attends trial, the hypothetical claimant from HN will prevail, because he is from HN. In other nations, there wouldn't even be grounds for a legal suit.
Of course, it is also unlikely that the hypothetical claimant actually wishes to commence proceedings. As espoused above, it is just used as an intimidatory tool to force AB into submission, to silence him. Furthermore, if the claimant has an axe to grind with AB due to other issues, he may be all the more willing to 'monitor' AB and seize any opportunity to bring him down. In this hypothetical scenario, this may just be the case.
Keep in mind, if AB is merely a student who is emerging into the working world, with nary a penny and experience in the real cruelties of the corporate and political world, this will be extra intimidating. Then there is also the side issue that such an action will not only stain AB's reputation, but also affect his studies.
Powerful People (PP) abusing the judiciary is a commonplace occurrence, but that doesn't make it right. But it also serves to warn normal layman bloggers like you and me about the perils of free speech. This may also serve to warn us that as mere mortal bloggers, we are pretty much susceptible once we accidentally step on PP's toes. Even more so if HN and PP in HN are very surveillant and vengeful. Maybe we must band together to protect ourselves. Strength in numbers. Besides watching our words, we should stop our zealous infighting and band together against the real threat. For example, if some other bloggers choose to post, say, racist comments, then what we should do is to settle the issue between ourselves. Eg, post a comment or send an email and highlight one's grievances with him, and see the response. An apology and retraction would suffice. There is no need to take the matter to other authorities – and hence out of our hands – we are feeding one of our own to the crocodiles.
*I am just thinking aloud about a hypothetical scenario that is playing in my head at the moment. Any similarities to real persons or situations are purely coincidental.
*Discerning comments with a large dose of tact is most welcome
*Thankfully this is only a hypothesis. I am fortunate enough to reside in SG, where there is excellent systematic justice in place.
While there is apparently no libelous material (to me, at least, it seems innocuous enough, nothing beyond the norms of free speech), I do have a suspicion it may have something to do with some of the comments.
From what little I know in this area of law, if the material is found to be libelous, even if its from the comments, he will be liable, if he does not take the necessary steps to remove it as soon as he is alerted to the offending material. Likewise, his service provider (the host of where his blog is sited) will be similarly culpable. This cannot be disclaimed, but it can be excused.
Although the threat of legal action probably stems from a Hypothetical Nation (hereby HN) in which AB and his site is not currently based in, he will still be liable within HN's jurisdiction. Whether HN can actually enforce the threat, is of course another matter altogether.
However, the threat of legal action is simply bully-boy tactics, one often used by big corporations and the likes to intimidate and force people into submission. It is unlikely that a legal action will be commenced, and in the even more unlikely situation that AB actually attends trial, the hypothetical claimant from HN will prevail, because he is from HN. In other nations, there wouldn't even be grounds for a legal suit.
Of course, it is also unlikely that the hypothetical claimant actually wishes to commence proceedings. As espoused above, it is just used as an intimidatory tool to force AB into submission, to silence him. Furthermore, if the claimant has an axe to grind with AB due to other issues, he may be all the more willing to 'monitor' AB and seize any opportunity to bring him down. In this hypothetical scenario, this may just be the case.
Keep in mind, if AB is merely a student who is emerging into the working world, with nary a penny and experience in the real cruelties of the corporate and political world, this will be extra intimidating. Then there is also the side issue that such an action will not only stain AB's reputation, but also affect his studies.
Powerful People (PP) abusing the judiciary is a commonplace occurrence, but that doesn't make it right. But it also serves to warn normal layman bloggers like you and me about the perils of free speech. This may also serve to warn us that as mere mortal bloggers, we are pretty much susceptible once we accidentally step on PP's toes. Even more so if HN and PP in HN are very surveillant and vengeful. Maybe we must band together to protect ourselves. Strength in numbers. Besides watching our words, we should stop our zealous infighting and band together against the real threat. For example, if some other bloggers choose to post, say, racist comments, then what we should do is to settle the issue between ourselves. Eg, post a comment or send an email and highlight one's grievances with him, and see the response. An apology and retraction would suffice. There is no need to take the matter to other authorities – and hence out of our hands – we are feeding one of our own to the crocodiles.
*I am just thinking aloud about a hypothetical scenario that is playing in my head at the moment. Any similarities to real persons or situations are purely coincidental.
*Discerning comments with a large dose of tact is most welcome
*Thankfully this is only a hypothesis. I am fortunate enough to reside in SG, where there is excellent systematic justice in place.

46 Comments:
From here, commenting on the last part of your post about bloggers banding together:
I am extremely sympathetic to the last bit (in fact, it is similar to something I said at the end of a previous post). But I am also not hopeful that it will be put into practice by all netizens: it appears to presuppose a class interest for bloggers and netizens in general. If anything, the CZ affair precisely revealed that this is not the case. As the question often comes down to: who exactly are the "we"?
Once again, good post. You're on a roll!
"we". If the HN the author is thinking about is modern and 'free' enough, I suppose bloggers can form a bloggers union of some sort, where the "we" is highly defined.
However, I suppose you are thinking that the very HN you are imagining about is not that modern and free to allow open unions? A socialist country of some sort I presume? In that case, I suppose the case of bloggers from HN banding together might be liable to some, I don't know, legal threats? Crackdown? Or those bloggers might be caught under internal security acts of some sort.
Not at all--my point would still hold even if HN is the most free wheeling of liberal democracies and unions of the most powerful kind are allowed. Why would bloggers and netizens of all strips band together? Is there a sufficient enduring class interest to bring them together, powerful enough to counteract all the myriad interests that pull them apart--the interests they would have as the varied members of society? If Bill Gates and Joe Netizen both blog, does it mean that they thus share a class interest qua bloggers?
Huichieh: Thanks for the encouraging words. 'We' simply refers to 'we the bloggers, netizens, the purveyors of free speech', as you may imagine. I am one who is of the opinion that the internet is the best bastion of free speech – and should be upheld and protected against any threats. You are spot on when highlight the practical difficulties of actually achieving harmony and compliance.
Any grievances between ourselves should always be resolved among ourselves rather than leaving it in the hands of others and out of our control. As I've said, we should not feed one of our own to the crocodiles.
Defamation suits have always been used as a tool of oppression, and its one of the greatest threats to free speech when it is systematically abused as a tool to silence and repress people as in this hypothetical situation.
cH: A bloggers union of sorts is exactly what I have in mind. Sort of like a unofficial 'blogger's ethical code of conduct'. Of course, there will be practical difficulties in achieving this level of organisation, as Huichieh has raised, everyone has different purposes and opinions. Even if we surmount the difficulties needed to get organised and united – as you have raised, in this hypothetical situation, this will simply make it susceptible to surveillance and possibly crackdowns...which is why extreme discipline in maintaining tact and discretion is in order - though even this may not be enough
interesting take, but hypothetically inaccurate.
plus i think defamation suits are essential to maintaining free speech. what's speech if you don't take responsibility for it.
i do agree that one shd take responsibility for one's words.
i do agree that defamation suits are crucial in maintaining free speech.
however, what i do not care for is when it is used in an intimidating manner. In other words, there's nothing wrong with the law, but there just may be something wrong with the way it is repeatedly used as a tool of repression...
i'm not sure what the accurate hypothesis should be actually, this is as much as i gathered from an hypothetical observational viewpoint
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Previous comment deleted for editing.
"'We' simply refers to 'we the bloggers, netizens, the purveyors of free speech"
That's exactly the problem isn't it. If both A and B are "purveyors of free speech", it does not follow that A and B agree on something substantial--A could be an ultra-conservative while B the uber-liberal. Since both are purveyors of free speech, we can predict that A is going to say a lot of things that would be offensive to B and vice versa. And worse still, both may have an interest in "bringing down" the other.
But in a sense, I do get your point--provided that A and B are not mere "purveyors of free speech but committed to some sort of principle of free speech. That is, both--though they disagree (perhaps even vehemently), are committed to protect each other's right to disagree and even 'offend' in speech (to Ivan: within bounds, of course).
Put that way, either you are presupposing that bloggers and netizens are as such committed to free speech on principle--a presupposition the truth of which I am not sanguine--or you are enjoining our fellow bloggers and netizens to do so.
I am extremely sympathetic to the latter. Note, however, that it is but one aspect of a larger concern with the freedom speech both on and off the internet.
Pardon my generalisation but imho blogging is synonymous with free speech, simply because pple put out a blog to get their voice heard – whether its about democracy or what they had for dinner last night, it is still a voice. That said, I do agree that not all netizens and/or bloggers are committed to the cause of free speech, since there will be difference of ideals within the sphere itself- in a way you can say I feel that we should be committed to such a cause, although truth be told I am not sure if this is what everybody wants – or for that matter, completely certain if this is the path we should take.
Ivan: I forgot to ask you previously, but do you happen to know more factual details of this hypothesis? I would be interested to know. I sorta empathise with his current position. It is a dubious distinction, but I think most observers will fail to appreciate the impact of such a threat.
Ahem, let's agree to keep the discussion here hypothetical, shall we?
heheh!
best to leave things as they are... some things don't exactly benefit from publicity.
honestly.. while blogs in terms of communication and dissemination of information might seem to be novel and groundbreaking. it might be viewed as a normal progression from the era of usenets and forums.
As such as forums and usenets are, one (normally moderators) has to ensure appropriate content extending to comments posted, i believe the same applies to blogs. While you might say it's free speech, imho it is considered publication, just as forum owners are publishing the posts left by it's members.
Once again adopting the forum/usenet analogy. Normally defamatory material will remain unknown, floating in the vast openess, however there is a duty for the owners of the forum to remove defamatory material once notified of it's existence. There have been numerous debates on this as it crubs freedom of expression. Namely as the forum owner will be pressured to either remove the post (thus restricting expression), or challenge the validity of the claim, exposing himself to to repercussions if the claim succeeds.
However this is not to say that notice of offending material has to be given. In a small forum, one might expect it's owners to be aware of all content, and there is a duty on the owner to screen the material he publishes.
Unfortunately, privelleges have not been extended from journalist to bloggers/forum members, as such they are the unfortunate victims of the time lag between law and technology. This extends to all spheres of the law, IPR (copyrights are fine, but when digital medium is considered it becomes unsatisfactory), hacking etc. Measure adopted have often been either too slow, or a knee jerk reaction thus resulting in opressive legislation.
i've wanted to blog about this (liability in cyberspace) a long time ago, but never got down to it. Maybe things would have been different if i did.
One thing i learnt about this, is that every blogger has a sort of responsibility not only to himself but to the community at large. To point out the possible repercussions, and keep one another in check. We need to be able to trash things out within a formulated framework, a sort of discussion ethics. One might still be able to write whatever they want, but the risk is theirs to take, in a huge library like the internet, it takes some time to find the book you publish.
redrown: do you have an email addr?
i indeed do have an email, its on the sidebar. Would appreciate an email on the issue. Indeed it is best that it is not publicised. if u would email me, perhaps i could share some of my own experiences which u can pass on.
i agree that blogging is just a progression from forums and the likes, and that is why my layman analysis adopts and applies the rules in place for such media (very basic, i know)
i think if you do a discourse about internet liability, it will be very enlightening indeed, but i understand you have exams coming up. your question (on your site) looks...very challenging indeed.
i was thinking of an implicit code of conduct by which all of us adhere to...something like 'ethics of hacking' but not so devious..
incidentally, the pt of this post was to highlight potential grievances with a hypothetical system..
and also consider the implications of free speech in relation to internet libel and how we can protect ourselves.
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"We need to be able to trash things out within a formulated framework, a sort of discussion ethics."
Excellent! The various issues are made more urgent by recent events:
(1) What (moral) responsibilities do bloggers have toward other people in their online publications (Ivan: I agree absolutely that public blogs are publications). Not that freedom of speech does not apply, but it doesn't apply in the same way that it might apply to, say, priviledged communication between confidants. What about legal liabilities?
(2) What should the protocol or code of conduct be when a netizen stumbles upon/discovers/etc a blogger whose publication is inflammatory, prejudicial, or a cause for concern in some other way--across a range of possibilities? (From clear and present danger to merely offensive.)
(3) How best to construct this protocol so as to win its acceptance among at least a majority of Singaporean netizens, without compromising their disparate (perhaps even conflicting) but legitimate interests.
I think the cz (and to some extent, the hypothetica) affair will be remembered for some time as a watershed. It is just possible that from this point on, bloggers would be more inclined to seek private redress (email, leave a comment) before going public exactly as you (and myself actually) suggest we all do--provided that the right lesson is learn. But, as someone else has pointed out, it is also possible that a contrary lesson is learned, that blood, once tasted, breeds an increased viciousness. I can only hope that the latter is not the case.
Ivan--if you are still around--all the best to your exams.
Ah ok..i see that both Ivan and Huichieh chooses to distinguish 'free speech' from 'publication' - but isn't 'publication' in the form of a blog simply just another form of communication by which someone can practise his free speech, ie, freedom of expression?
Taking the all-encompassing 'free speech' approach, whereby free speech extends to all forms of communications (eg verbal, tv, radio), won't that make publishers inadvertant purveyors of free speech?
And when the publisher and the 'free speaker' is one and the same person, ie in blogs, what happens? From Ivan's words i take it there will be no qualified privilege for blog publishers cum writers.
Protocol - thats the term on the tip of my tongue this whole day :P
Going slightly offtopic here, but I was just thinking...
Y'know, the whole lopsidedness of the potential legal case reminds me of the Sony/ATV vs Beatallica and Microsoft vs David Zamos incidents. I wonder how the present hypothetical scenario would play out.
Your links are good illustration of the David v Goliath playing out in this hypothetical situation..
hi guy's i'm checking here quite regularly hahaha. not good for my work though hahaha... the distractions of the net!
Huichieh:
thanks.
Redrown:
the privellege (if any) is granted to the capacity in which the article is written. So a journalist will recieve better protection when writing on the NYT, and when he is writing for his blog.
But better clarify this, i cannot be too certain.
the piece will probably have to wait, though i'm kind of touching on that issue for one of my modules.
will think about the protection issue b4 i sleep ;)
heh...well exams always come first...i am actually struggling with datelines myself right now too! and yet here i am...oh well..haha
good luck and have fun with your assignments and exams!=)
hmmm... all i could think of would be moderation and retraction. i am a lay person also, don't know much about disclaimers and how effective it might be in practice.
honestly this wouldn't impact too greatly on the way we post, perhaps only hinting that we throw caution to the wind whenever our posts are on an individual.
http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,66630,00.html?tw=wn_story_page_prev2
the article explores how in the US, bloggers will not benefit much, even if the 1st amendment protection given to journalist are extended to bloggers.
Dude, your blog is awesome!! Very witty and informative. Blog on!!
I'm reminded of the Code of Ethics found at the Sydney Morning Herald's Blog. Maybe this can be a starting point.
ivan: I guess that disclaimers would be evidential rather than conclusive..
for what its worth, this entire blog errs very much to the side of caution - that was the first thing in my mind when i started out.
smoker: thanks!
jeffrey: darn, i'm sure its a pretty good article but it requires subscription..
Oops, I think sometimes it asks for password, sometimes it doesn't.
Doesn't matter, just use username:jefftest, password:jefftest .
thanks for kindly sharing the password and article..
it is food for thought indeed..
Hypothetical world: meet the real world...
Trackback:
Singapore Serf - Disenfranchised.
We are currently seeing this microcosm being played out right here on our very own Singapore blogsphere as being documented...
Trackback, From a Singapore Angle, "Reviewing the Singapore Blogosphere: Managing Expectations"
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